Atement: The authors declare no financial or other conflict of interests. This study was financed by the healthcare faculty of Goethe University.agronomyArticleMining Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers for Precise Genotype Identification and Diversity Evaluation of Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) GermplasmLihua Song 1, , Bing Cao 1 , Yue Zhang 1 , Lyndel W. Meinhardt 2 and Dapeng ZhangSchool of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; bingcao2006@126 (B.C.); 13722302660@163 (Y.Z.) USDA-ARS, Sustainable Perennial Crop Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; [email protected] (L.W.M.); [email protected] (D.Z.) Correspondence: [email protected]: Song, L.; Cao, B.; Zhang, Y.; Meinhardt, L.W.; Zhang, D. Mining Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers for Correct Genotype Identification and Diversity Analysis of Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Germplasm. Agronomy 2021, 11, 2303. 10.3390/ agronomy11112303 Academic Editor: Cseh Andras Aluminum Hydroxide Epigenetics Received: 7 October 2021 Accepted: ten November 2021 Published: 15 NovemberAbstract: Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is definitely an economically critical fruit tree with outstanding adaptability to marginal lands and a broad range of climate conditions. There are over 800 cultivars, largely landraces from China. On the other hand, a higher rate of mislabeling in Chinese jujube germplasm restricts the sharing of information and facts and supplies amongst jujube researchers and hampers the use of jujube germplasm in breeding. In the present study, we created a sizable panel of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and validated 288 SNPs by genotyping 114 accessions of Chinese jujube germplasm. The validation resulted inside the designation of a set of 192 polymorphic SNP markers that revealed a higher rate of synonymous mislabeling in the jujube germplasm collection in Ningxia, China. A total of 17 groups of duplicates have been detected, encompassing 49 in the 114 Chinese jujube cultivars. Model-based population stratification revealed two germplasm groups, and the core members of your two groups showed a substantial genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.16). The results supported the hypothesis that the cultivated Chinese jujube had multiple origins and multiple regions of domestication. The Neighbor-Joining dendrogram additional revealed that this collection is comprised of a number of sub-groups, each which includes 1-13 closely connected cultivars. Parentage analysis of cultivars with identified pedigree information proved the efficacy of working with these SNP markers for parentage verification. A subset of 96 SNPs with higher details index was selected for future downstream application including gene bank management, verification of pedigrees in breeding SCH-10304 Technical Information applications, high quality control for propagation of planting components and support on the traceability and authentication of jujube merchandise. Search phrases: genetic integrity; genetic redundancy; gene bank; mislabeling; DNA fingerprinting; molecular markers; domestication; off-type; Chinese datePublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.1. Introduction Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is usually a diploid fruit crop (2n = 2x = 24) inside the Rhamnaceae family. This plant species is native to China, with its putative center of origin situated within the Yellow River basin [1]. Chinese jujube (hereafter known as jujube) is a multipurpose tree cultivated for fruits and includes a tremendous economic impo.