Terms as explanatory variables were applied to analyze enzyme activity working with
Terms as explanatory variables had been utilized to analyze enzyme activity working with R .The enzyme activity measurements are provided as supplementary dataset [see Further file].Table The distinct kinds of enzyme activity measured with insoluble chromogenic AZCL substratesSubstrate Starch AZCLAmylose Protein AZCLCasein AZCLCollagen Pectin AZCLDebr.Arabinan AZCLRhamnogalacturonan AZCLGalactomannan AZCLGalactan Cellulose AZCLHECellulose AZCLBarley Glucan AZCLXyloglucan Crosslinking Glycans AZCLXylan AZCLArabinoxylan endo,xylanase endo,xylanase Cellulase (endo,glucanase) Cellulase (endo,glucanase) endo,xyloglucanase endo,arabinase Rhamnogalacturonanase endo,mannanase endo,galactanase endoprotease endoprotease amylase EnzymeAZCL Azurine crosslinked polysaccharides (Megazyme Bray, Ireland).Final results Molecular analysis revealed distinct speciesspecific sequences for T.zeteki, T.sp and S.amabilis, however the T.cornetzi colonies segregated in three groups determined by a maximumlikelihood posterior probability similarity cutoff, and hence most likely represent distinct crypticspecies (denoted T.cornetzi sp Figure).Network evaluation recovered the precise exact same six groups of Sericomyrmex and Trachymyrmex fungusgrowing ant species as inside the phylogenetic analysis [see Extra file].Phylogenetic analysis on the identified fungal haplotypes made seven distinct cultivar clades when applying a maximumlikelihood posterior probability similarity cutoff (labelled AG; Figure) as previously applied in a comparable analysis of cultivars of North American Trachymyrmex by Mikheyev et al..Also for the cultivars, network evaluation identified the identical Isoginkgetin web haplotype groups and structured them in seven unconnected subnetworks with minimal variation within every network [see Added file].The sampled colonies of T.sp.and S.amabilis cultivated a single genetically distinct fungal haplotype (A and B, respectively), whereas the four other Trachymyrmex species shared 5 fungal haplotypes (CG), but to distinct degrees (Figure).The five T.cornetzi sp.colonies plus the nine T.zeteki had three, mostly but not entirely overlapping haplotypes each, and two fungal haplotypes (C and D) have been connected with 3 distinct ant species (Figure ).AMOVA of fungal haplotype distributions showed that sequence variation amongst ant species barely exceeded variation inside ant species (Table).A second evaluation excluding S.amabilis and T.sp.because they had no cultivar variation showed that of the fungal genetic variation occurred inside species and only across species, but this level didDe Fine Licht and Boomsma BMC Evolutionary Biology , www.biomedcentral.comPage ofnot really attain statistical significance (Table).Fisher’s precise tests of contingency tables containing exactly the same information confirmed a drastically nonrandom association pattern in between ants and cultivars (p) for the complete information set, but the null hypothesis of random association could no longer be rejected right after excluding S.amabilis and T.sp.and analyzing only the 4 ant species that cultivated more than a single cultivar haplotype (p ).Activities of your carbohydrate active enzymes differed substantially between the seven fungal haplotypes (Figure).The key enzyme PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21325703 and haplotype effects had been both considerable (F, p F, p respectively) and a important interaction term showed that distinctive enzymes were most active in distinctive fungal haplotypes (F, p ).The enzyme main impact isn’t meaningful, as the units of activity are certainly not compa.