Plasmids during 72 h had the same proliferative statuses (Figure 5D). We found an overexpression of genes implicated in estrogen receptor signaling due to the high degree of sequence identity between ERR and the estrogen receptor. Moreover, we found an overexpression of the respiratory electron transport chain as described previously [6]. Of the 553 genes with differential expressions due to ERRa and PRC, 288 were involved in the metabolism. Among these 288 genes, we found a positive regulation for 40 of the genes of respiratory chain and a negative regulation for 86 of the genes of TCA and anaerobic glycolysis (Figure 5A). We verified that the lactate production was not increased when the cells were transfected with ERRa and PRC (Figure 5D).DiscussionThe modification of cellular metabolism in tumors has recently been characterized as one of the major alterations of tumor cells [23]. Indeed, tumor cells, which have an altered carbohydrate metabolism, produce ATP from glucose through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and anaerobic glycolysis even under normal oxygen pressures. This metabolic strategy offers tumors a selective advantage by satisfying the high ATP demands, facilitating the AKT inhibitor 2 chemical information macromolecular biosynthesis required by rapidly proliferating tumors, and allowing NAD+ production in the absence of mitochondrial oxidation. The regulation of cell metabolism requires the expression of a large number of genes encoded by the nuclear and the mitochondrial genome. The coordination of these genes depends on transcription factors among which ERRa appears to be essential [24]. ERRa is known to coregulate and coordinate geneencoding enzymes of the biochemical pathways involved in the generation of energy from glucose via OXPHOS. Our findings indicate that ERRa may also regulate anaerobic glycolysis viaLDH activity in 76932-56-4 supplier thyroid tumors. The Warburg effect having been recently revisited, a more realistic description of cancer cell metabolism suggests that oxidative phosphorylation and anaerobic glycolysis cooperate 
to sustain energy needs during tumorigenesis [25]. In breast cancer it has been shown that miRNA-378 regulates the metabolic switch via the ERRc-PGC1b complex, which promotes oxidative metabolism, and the ERRa-PGC1b complex, which favors activation of the glycolytic pathway [26]. We have shown that ERRa controls the cell cycle and promotes the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation by interfering with PRC coactivators and according to the metabolic status of the cells in thyroid tumors [6]. Our study of LDH activity and oxygen consumption shows that, compared to normal tissues and follicular tumors, oncocytic tumors mainly depend on oxidative metabolism. This type of altered metabolism has already been described in other tumors, such as hepatomas, melanomas and lung carcinomas [27,28]. This oxidative metabolism could be orchestrated by ERRa. Indeed, the expression of the ERRa gene is greater in oncocytic tumors than in normal thyroid tissues and follicular tumors. Hypothesizing that ERRa coregulates OXPHOS and glycolytic pathways 16574785 in an aerobic environment, we investigated the regulation of the glycolytic enzyme LDH in cellular models of thyroid tumors. We choose cellular models presenting oxidative or glycolytic metabolism, to explore mechanisms for oxidative maintenance in XTC.UC1 and FTC133, and the role of ERRa in RO82W-1 metabolic reversion. Investigating the promoters of the LDHA and LDHB genes we found responsive elements for E.Plasmids during 72 h had the same proliferative statuses (Figure 5D). We found an overexpression of genes implicated in estrogen receptor signaling due to the high degree of sequence identity between ERR and the estrogen receptor. Moreover, we found an overexpression of the respiratory electron transport chain as described previously [6]. Of the 553 genes with differential expressions due to ERRa and PRC, 288 were involved in the metabolism. Among these 288 genes, we found a positive regulation for 40 of the genes of respiratory chain and a negative regulation for 86 of the genes of TCA and anaerobic glycolysis (Figure 5A). We verified that the lactate production was not increased when the cells were transfected with ERRa and PRC (Figure 5D).DiscussionThe modification of cellular metabolism in tumors has recently been characterized as one of the major alterations of tumor cells [23]. Indeed, tumor cells, which have an altered carbohydrate metabolism, produce ATP from glucose through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and anaerobic glycolysis even under normal oxygen pressures. This metabolic strategy offers tumors a selective advantage by satisfying the high ATP demands, facilitating the macromolecular biosynthesis required by rapidly proliferating tumors, and allowing NAD+ production in the absence of mitochondrial oxidation. The regulation of cell metabolism requires the expression of a large number of genes encoded by the nuclear and the mitochondrial genome. The coordination of these genes depends on transcription factors among which ERRa appears to be essential [24]. ERRa is known to coregulate and coordinate geneencoding enzymes of the biochemical pathways involved in the generation of energy from glucose via OXPHOS. Our findings indicate that ERRa may also regulate anaerobic glycolysis viaLDH activity in thyroid tumors. The Warburg effect having been recently revisited, a more realistic description of cancer cell metabolism suggests that oxidative phosphorylation and anaerobic glycolysis cooperate to sustain energy needs during tumorigenesis [25]. In breast cancer it has been shown that miRNA-378 regulates the metabolic switch via the ERRc-PGC1b complex, which promotes oxidative metabolism, and the ERRa-PGC1b complex, which favors activation of the glycolytic pathway [26]. We have shown that ERRa controls the cell cycle and promotes the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation by interfering with PRC coactivators and according to the metabolic status of the cells in thyroid tumors [6]. Our study of LDH activity and oxygen consumption shows that, compared to normal tissues and follicular tumors, oncocytic tumors mainly depend on oxidative metabolism. This type of altered metabolism has already been described in other tumors, such as hepatomas, melanomas and lung carcinomas [27,28]. This oxidative metabolism could be orchestrated by ERRa. Indeed, the expression of the ERRa gene is greater in oncocytic tumors than in normal thyroid tissues and follicular tumors. Hypothesizing that ERRa coregulates OXPHOS and glycolytic pathways 16574785 in an aerobic environment, we investigated the regulation of the glycolytic enzyme LDH in cellular models of thyroid tumors. We choose cellular models presenting oxidative or glycolytic metabolism, to explore mechanisms for oxidative maintenance in XTC.UC1 and FTC133, and the role of ERRa in RO82W-1 metabolic reversion. Investigating the promoters of the LDHA and LDHB genes we found responsive elements for E.