Fore (control) and after 10 mM acacetin. E. Mean values of time constant of hKv4.3 Epigenetics current inactivation at 0 to +60 mV before and after application of 3 and 10 mM acacetin (n = 10 experiments, P,0.01 vs. control). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057864.gAcacetin Blocks hKv4.3 Channelsactivation before and after application of 10 mM acacetin (Fig. 2B). The mean 25033180 values of the voltage-dependent time to peak of the channel were significantly reduced by 3 or 10 mM acacetin at all test potentials (Fig. 2C). Figure 2D shows that hKv4.3 current was well-fitted to a monoexponential function with the time constants shown before and after 10 mM acacetin. The inactivation time constant of Kv4.3 current was significantly reduced by 3 or 10 mM acacetin at all test potentials (0 to +60 mV, n = 10, P,0.01 vs. control). These results support the notion that acacetin also inhibits hKv4.3 current by blocking the open channel.Effects of acacetin on kinetics of hKv4.3 currentFigure 3A shows the representative current and voltage protocol used for determining the availability (I/Imax) of hKv4.3 current. Figure 3B illustrates the tail current recorded by the voltage protocol for determining the steady-state activation (g/gmax) of the channel. The variables (Fig. 3C) of I/Imax and g/gmax were fitted to a Boltzmann function in individual cells as described previously [12]. The V1/2 of hKv4.3 current availability was not significantly changed (231.361.7 mV in control, and 235.761.1 mV in 10 mM acacetin, n = 8, P = NS vs. control), while the V1/2 of activation conductance was positively shifted by 10.1 mV (21.761.8 mV in control, 8.462.9 mV in acacetin, n = 9, P,0.01 vs. control). This effect was not observed in human atrial Ito [16], and this difference may be related to the lack of the regulatory b-subunits KChIPs in HEK 293 cells. The effect of acacetin on the recovery kinetics of hKv4.3 current was Autophagy determined with a paired pulse using a 300-ms step to +50 mV from a holding potential of 280 mV with variable P1 2 interval as shown in the inset of 
Fig. 4A. Acacetin (10 mM) reduced the current amplitude and slowed the recovery of hKv4.3 current from inactivation. The recovery time course was fitted to a monoexponential function in individual cells before and after application of 10 mM (Fig. 4B). The time constant (t) of recovery from inactivation of hKv4.3 current was increased from 112.7613.6 ms in control to 188.2619.5 ms after 10 mM acacetin (n = 9, P,0.01 vs. control). The slowed recovery of hKv4.3 current from inactivation was similar to the observation in human atrial Ito [16].Figure 3. Effects of acacetin on voltage-dependent kinetics of hKv4.3 current. A. Protocol and current traces used to assess availability (I/Imax, steady-state inactivation) of hKv4.3 current. B. Protocol and tail current traces used to assess activation conductance (g/gmax, steady-state activation) of hKv4.3 current. C. Mean values of hKv4.3 current (I/Imax) variables and conductance (g/gmax) variables before and after 10 mM acacetin were fitted to the Boltzmann function: g = 1/(1+exp((V1/22Vt)/K)), where V1/2 is the voltage of 50 channel availability or maximal activation of the channel, Vt is the test potential, and K is slope factor. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057864.gUse- and frequency-dependent block of hKv4.3 channels by acacetinThe slowed recovery of hKv4.3 channels from inactivation suggests that blockade of hKv4.3 channels may be use- and frequency-dependent. The use-dependent blo.Fore (control) and after 10 mM acacetin. E. Mean values of time constant of hKv4.3 current inactivation at 0 to +60 mV before and after application of 3 and 10 mM acacetin (n = 10 experiments, P,0.01 vs. control). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057864.gAcacetin Blocks hKv4.3 Channelsactivation before and after application of 10 mM acacetin (Fig. 2B). The mean 25033180 values of the voltage-dependent time to peak of the channel were significantly reduced by 3 or 10 mM acacetin at all test potentials (Fig. 2C). Figure 2D shows that hKv4.3 current was well-fitted to a monoexponential function with the time constants shown before and after 10 mM acacetin. The inactivation time constant of Kv4.3 current was significantly reduced by 3 or 10 mM acacetin at all test potentials (0 to +60 mV, n = 10, P,0.01 vs. control). These results support the notion that acacetin also inhibits hKv4.3 current by blocking the open channel.Effects of acacetin on kinetics of hKv4.3 currentFigure 3A shows the representative current and voltage protocol used for determining the availability (I/Imax) of hKv4.3 current. Figure 3B illustrates the tail current recorded by the voltage protocol for determining the steady-state activation (g/gmax) of the channel. The variables (Fig. 3C) of I/Imax and g/gmax were fitted to a Boltzmann function in individual cells as described previously [12]. The V1/2 of hKv4.3 current availability was not significantly changed (231.361.7 mV in control, and 235.761.1 mV in 10 mM acacetin, n = 8, P = NS vs. control), while the V1/2 of activation conductance was positively shifted by 10.1 mV (21.761.8 mV in control, 8.462.9 mV in acacetin, n = 9, P,0.01 vs. control). This effect was not observed in human atrial Ito [16], and this difference may be related to the lack of the regulatory b-subunits KChIPs in HEK 293 cells. The effect of acacetin on the recovery kinetics of hKv4.3 current was determined with a paired pulse using a 300-ms step to +50 mV from a holding potential of 280 mV with variable P1 2 interval as shown in the inset of Fig. 4A. Acacetin (10 mM) reduced the current amplitude and slowed the recovery of hKv4.3 current from inactivation. The recovery time course was fitted to a monoexponential function in individual cells before and after application of 10 mM (Fig. 4B). The time constant (t) of recovery from inactivation of hKv4.3 current was increased from 112.7613.6 ms in control to 188.2619.5 ms after 10 mM acacetin (n = 9, P,0.01 vs. control). The slowed recovery of hKv4.3 current from inactivation was similar to the observation in human atrial Ito [16].Figure 3. Effects of acacetin on voltage-dependent kinetics of hKv4.3 current. A. Protocol and current traces used to assess availability (I/Imax, steady-state inactivation) of hKv4.3 current. B. Protocol and tail current traces used to assess activation conductance (g/gmax, steady-state activation) of hKv4.3 current. C. Mean values of hKv4.3 current (I/Imax) variables and conductance (g/gmax) variables before and after 10 mM acacetin were fitted to the Boltzmann function: g = 1/(1+exp((V1/22Vt)/K)), where V1/2 is the voltage of 50 channel availability or maximal activation of the channel, Vt is the test potential, and K is slope factor. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057864.gUse- and frequency-dependent block of hKv4.3 channels by acacetinThe slowed recovery of hKv4.3 channels from inactivation suggests that blockade of hKv4.3 channels may be use- and frequency-dependent. The use-dependent blo.